Wolfgang Kügler was an SS-Untersturmführer (Second Lieutenant) and a Teilkommandoführer (detachment leader) for Einsatzkommando 2, a subdivision of

Einsatzgruppe A (, ; also ' task forces') were (SS) paramilitary death squads of Nazi Germany that were responsible for mass murder, primarily by shooting, during World War II (1939–1945) in German-occupied Europe. The had an integral role in the im ...

. Following

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...

, he was tried and found guilty of war crimes before a court in West Germany. His sentence was reported to have been 8 months in prison and a fine. The most serious charge against him was that he had organized and been a commander at the massacre of about 2,700 Jews, mostly women and children, on the beach at

Liepāja Liepāja (; liv, Līepõ; see other names) is a state city in western Latvia, located on the Baltic Sea. It is the largest-city in the Kurzeme Region and the third-largest city in the country after Riga and Daugavpils. It is an important ice-f ...

, Latvia. Kügler claimed he was absent on leave in Germany when these murders occurred. After being re-arrested in 1959, Kügler killed himself in prison.

The Einsatzgruppen and the SD

The Nazi occupation regime planned to kill as many "undesirable" people as possible in the immediate wake of the invasion,

Operation Barbarossa Operation Barbarossa (german: link=no, Unternehmen Barbarossa; ) was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during the Second World War. The operation, code-named after ...

. "Undesirables" in the Baltic States included Communists, Gypsies,Lewy, ''The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies'', at pages 122 to 126 the mentally ill, and especially Jews. The executions were to be carried out by four task forces, known as Einsatzgruppen (A, B, C, D); for the Baltic States the responsible unit was Einsatzgruppe A, initially under the command of

Franz Walter Stahlecker Franz Walter Stahlecker (10 October 1900 – 23 March 1942) was commander of the SS security forces ('' Sicherheitspolizei'' (SiPo) and the ''Sicherheitsdienst'' (SD) for the '' Reichskommissariat Ostland'' in 1941–42. Stahlecker commanded '' ...

.Roseman, ''The Wannsee Conference'', at pages 39 to 47 A Nazi secret police organization known as the

Sicherheitsdienst ' (, ''Security Service''), full title ' (Security Service of the '' Reichsführer-SS''), or SD, was the intelligence agency of the SS and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany. Established in 1931, the SD was the first Nazi intelligence organization ...

or SD furnished most of the personnel for the Einsatzgruppen. The SD first established its power in Latvia through Einsatzgruppe A, which was subdivided into units called Einsatzkommandos 1a, 1b, 2 and 3. As the front line moved further east, Einsatzgruppe A moved out of Latvia, remaining in the country only a few weeks, after which its functions were taken over by the "resident" SD,Ezergailis, ''The Holocaust in Latvia'', at page 245

Activities in Latvia

Kügler arrived in

, Latvia on 10 or 11 July 1941, to take over command of the resident SD. From then until April 1943 he was responsible for the massacres in Liepāja and the vicinity.Ezergailis, ''The Holocaust in Latvia'', at page 291. Consistent with SD practice, orders for killings were not issued in writing but were given only orally. Kügler travelled to Riga every two weeks to receive instructions.Ezergailis, ''The Holocaust in Latvia'', at page 231, n.7 Kügler personally supervised at least one mass shooting.Klee, ''Gold Old Days'', at page 127

The December massacre at Šķēde

In December 1941 the Liepāja SD, together with their Latvian collaborators, carried out the execution of approximately 2,700 Jews on the beach at Šķēde.Ezergailis, ''The Holocaust in Latvia'', at pages 293 to 296 Photographs were taken of the December killings and these survive today. They are some of the most well known images of the Holocaust in Latvia.Ezergailis, ''The Holocaust in Latvia'', at page 57, n.48 Whether Kügler was actually present at the December massacre is a matter of dispute. At post-war trials, several German SD witnesses said Kügler was absent on leave, while all the Latvian witnesses said he was present.Ezergailis, ''The Holocaust in Latvia'', at page 307, nn.76 and 77

Career after Latvia

In April 1943 Kügler was replaced by SS-Obersturmbannführer (Lieutenant Colonel) Kurt Jurgschait. According to a post-war trial in Germany, the grounds for his removal were his theft of property that had once belonged to the Jews whom he had murdered. He was also suspected of being too friendly with the Latvians, including his mistress and interpreter, Mrs. Kronbergs. Professor Ezergailis reports that Kügler was sentenced to 8 months imprisonment and a fine. In 1959, Kügler was re-arrested and charged with murder. He killed himself by jumping out of a window of a prison in Frankfurt on 2 December 1959.

Notes

References

* Ezergailis, Andrew, ''The Holocaust in Latvia 1941-1944 -- The Missing Center'', Historical Institute of Latvia (in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum) Riga 1996 * Klee, Ernst, Dressen, Willi, and Riess, Volker, eds. ''"The Good Old Days" -- The Holocaust as Seen by its Perpetrators and Bystanders'', MacMillan, New York 1991 (translation by Deborah Burnstone) * Lewy, Guenter, ''The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies'', Oxford University Press 2000 * Roseman, Mark, ''The Wannsee Conference and the Final Solution -- A Reconsideration'', Holt, New York, 2002

External links

Liepajajews.org
(modern aerial images of trench at shooting sight at Skede)
Film of mass shootings at Šķēde, archived at U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
(This is a short film about 1.5 minutes long, taken of an August 1941 shooting at Šķēde by a German soldier.) {{DEFAULTSORT:Kugler, Wolfgang 1959 suicides 1959 deaths 1941 in Latvia Jewish Latvian history Holocaust perpetrators in Latvia SS-Untersturmführer Einsatzgruppen personnel Nazis convicted of crimes Nazis who died by suicide in prison custody Nazis who committed suicide in Germany Prisoners who died in German detention Suicides by jumping in Germany